Memorial of the Holy Guardian Angels
Lectionary: 457/650
Lectionary: 457/650
In the month Nisan
of the twentieth year of King Artaxerxes,
when the wine was in my charge,
I took some and offered it to the king.
As I had never before been sad in his presence,
the king asked me, “Why do you look sad?
If you are not sick, you must be sad at heart.”
Though I was seized with great fear, I answered the king:
“May the king live forever!
How could I not look sad
when the city where my ancestors are buried lies in ruins,
and its gates have been eaten out by fire?”
The king asked me, “What is it, then, that you wish?”
I prayed to the God of heaven and then answered the king:
“If it please the king,
and if your servant is deserving of your favor,
send me to Judah, to the city of my ancestors’ graves,
to rebuild it.”
Then the king, and the queen seated beside him,
asked me how long my journey would take
and when I would return.
I set a date that was acceptable to him,
and the king agreed that I might go.
I asked the king further: “If it please the king,
let letters be given to me for the governors
of West-of-Euphrates,
that they may afford me safe-conduct until I arrive in Judah;
also a letter for Asaph, the keeper of the royal park,
that he may give me wood for timbering the gates
of the temple-citadel and for the city wall
and the house that I shall occupy.”
The king granted my requests,
for the favoring hand of my God was upon me.
when the wine was in my charge,
I took some and offered it to the king.
As I had never before been sad in his presence,
the king asked me, “Why do you look sad?
If you are not sick, you must be sad at heart.”
Though I was seized with great fear, I answered the king:
“May the king live forever!
How could I not look sad
when the city where my ancestors are buried lies in ruins,
and its gates have been eaten out by fire?”
The king asked me, “What is it, then, that you wish?”
I prayed to the God of heaven and then answered the king:
“If it please the king,
and if your servant is deserving of your favor,
send me to Judah, to the city of my ancestors’ graves,
to rebuild it.”
Then the king, and the queen seated beside him,
asked me how long my journey would take
and when I would return.
I set a date that was acceptable to him,
and the king agreed that I might go.
I asked the king further: “If it please the king,
let letters be given to me for the governors
of West-of-Euphrates,
that they may afford me safe-conduct until I arrive in Judah;
also a letter for Asaph, the keeper of the royal park,
that he may give me wood for timbering the gates
of the temple-citadel and for the city wall
and the house that I shall occupy.”
The king granted my requests,
for the favoring hand of my God was upon me.
Responsorial PsalmPS 137:1-2, 3, 4-5, 6
R. (6ab) Let my tongue be silenced if I ever forget
you!
By the streams of Babylon
we sat and wept
when we remembered Zion.
On the aspens of that land
we hung up our harps.
R. Let my tongue be silenced if I ever forget you!
Though there our captors asked of us
the lyrics of our songs,
And our despoilers urged us to be joyous:
“Sing for us the songs of Zion!”
R. Let my tongue be silenced if I ever forget you!
How could we sing a song of the LORD
in a foreign land?
If I forget you, Jerusalem,
may my right hand be forgotten!
R. Let my tongue be silenced if I ever forget you!
May my tongue cleave to my palate
if I remember you not,
If I place not Jerusalem
ahead of my joy.
R. Let my tongue be silenced if I ever forget you!
By the streams of Babylon
we sat and wept
when we remembered Zion.
On the aspens of that land
we hung up our harps.
R. Let my tongue be silenced if I ever forget you!
Though there our captors asked of us
the lyrics of our songs,
And our despoilers urged us to be joyous:
“Sing for us the songs of Zion!”
R. Let my tongue be silenced if I ever forget you!
How could we sing a song of the LORD
in a foreign land?
If I forget you, Jerusalem,
may my right hand be forgotten!
R. Let my tongue be silenced if I ever forget you!
May my tongue cleave to my palate
if I remember you not,
If I place not Jerusalem
ahead of my joy.
R. Let my tongue be silenced if I ever forget you!
GospelMT 18:1-5, 10
The disciples
approached Jesus and said,
“Who is the greatest in the Kingdom of heaven?”
He called a child over, placed it in their midst, and said,
“Amen, I say to you, unless you turn and become like children,
you will not enter the Kingdom of heaven.
Whoever humbles himself like this child
is the greatest in the Kingdom of heaven.
And whoever receives one child such as this in my name receives me.
“See that you do not despise one of these little ones,
for I say to you that their angels in heaven
always look upon the face of my heavenly Father.”
“Who is the greatest in the Kingdom of heaven?”
He called a child over, placed it in their midst, and said,
“Amen, I say to you, unless you turn and become like children,
you will not enter the Kingdom of heaven.
Whoever humbles himself like this child
is the greatest in the Kingdom of heaven.
And whoever receives one child such as this in my name receives me.
“See that you do not despise one of these little ones,
for I say to you that their angels in heaven
always look upon the face of my heavenly Father.”
Meditation: "Their
angels behold the Father in heaven"
Why does
Jesus warn his disciples to "not despise the little ones?" God dwells
with the lowly and regards them with compassion. His angels watch over them as
guardians. "For he will give his angels charge of you to guard you
in all your ways" (Psalm 91:11). God has not left us alone in our
struggle "to refuse evil and to choose good" (Isaiah
7:15). The angels are his "ministering spirits sent forth to
serve, for the sake of those who are to obtain salvation" (Hebrews
1:14). Scripture is full of examples of how the angels serve as messengers and
protectors. When Peter was chained in prison and kept under guard, an angel
woke him in middle of the night, released his chains, and brought him safely
out of prison, past several guards and through locked gates. When Peter
realized he wasn't dreaming, he exclaimed: "Now I am sure that the Lord
has sent his angel and rescued me" (Acts 12:11). When Daniel was thrown
into a den of hungry lions, an angel protected him from harm (Daniel 6:22).
John Chrysostom
(347-407 AD), an early church father and renowned preacher, compared the
guardian angels to the troops garrisoned in cities on the frontiers of the
empire to defend it from the enemy. Basil the Great (329-379 AD) said,
"Beside each believer stands an angel as protector and shepherd leading
him to life." Angels ministered to Jesus after his temptation in the
wilderness and during his agony in the Garden of Gethsemane (Luke 22:43). The
angels will be present at Christ's return, which they will announce, to serve
at his judgment (Matthew 25:31). The angels show us that this universe which
God created is not just materialistic. The fallen angels (Jude 6; 2 Peter 2:4;
Revelations 12:9), described in Scripture as evil spirits or devils (Mark 5:13;
Matthew 25:41), seek our destruction (see 1 Peter 5:8). If they cannot persuade
us to disown our faith and loyalty to Christ, they will attempt to divert us
from doing the will of God by distracting us with good things that weigh us
down or make us indifferent towards the things of God. God gives us the help of
his angelic hosts and he gives us spiritual weapons, the shield of
faith and the breastplate of righteousness (see
Ephesians 6:1-11), to resist the devil and his lies. Through the gift of the
Holy Spirit, we, too, join with the angelic choirs of heaven in singing the
praises of God. Do you thank the Lord for his guidance and protection?
"Lord
Jesus, you are our refuge and strength. May I always know your guiding hand and
the help of your angels in protecting me from all that is evil. Give me
strength of will and courage to refuse what is evil and to choose what is
good."
 The greatest in the Kingdom of heaven |
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Feast of the
Guardian Angels
|
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Father Edward McIlmail, LC
Matthew 18: 1-5, 10
The disciples approached Jesus and said,
"Who is the greatest in the Kingdom of heaven?" He called a child
over, placed it in their midst, and said, "Amen, I say to you, unless
you turn and become like children, you will not enter the Kingdom of heaven.
Whoever humbles himself like this child is the greatest in the Kingdom of
heaven. And whoever receives one child such as this in my name receives me.
See that you do not despise one of these little ones, for I say to you that
their angels in heaven always look upon the face of my heavenly Father."
Introductory Prayer: Father in heaven, thank you for giving me
another day to grow in love for you, another day to move ahead in my
spiritual life, another day to pray for the souls closest to me. I want only
to please you during this brief time of prayer.
Petition: Lord, grant me the grace of childlike
simplicity.
1. Turning the Tables: The disciples are curious about the Kingdom
of Heaven, and their curiosity has a tinge of self-interest. They want to
know how to get ahead in the Kingdom. Their very question belies a
misunderstanding of Christ. The Kingdom, among other things, is reflected in
the Church on earth. And the Church, being universal, is a kind of family
that takes in all mankind. If ever we ask, “Who is the greatest in our
family?” we can be sure that it is the wrong kind of question. The more
appropriate question is: “How can I be a better member of the family? How can
I be a better husband? A better wife? A better son or daughter or brother or
sister?” That is the question Christ wants us to ask ourselves.
2. Child´s Play: We must not think that Christ had a naive
notion of children as little angels who never do wrong. So why does Christ
hold up children as models for the rest of us? In part, it is their
simplicity, their tendency to trust. They might not understand why a parent
tells them something, but they likely will accept it because they realize it
comes from someone who loves them. The spiritual life requires that same kind
of trust. We might not understand completely why God asks us to do something,
but if there´s a basic trust and openness to him, it is easier to follow his
commands. Many people, unfortunately, squander what should be the most
productive years of their lives because they doubt God and his Church. They
complicate things, only to find years later the wisdom of what Our Lord was
trying to tell them. By then, their faults can be forgiven, but not undone.
Once a vase is broken, it can be fixed but it will never be the same as if it
had never broken. Am I saying no to God because of a lack of trust?
3. Angelic Aid: Prayers to guardian angels used to be
popular with Catholics. It is fitting that we pray to them, because each of
us has one. "Beside each believer stands an angel as protector and
shepherd leading him to life," writes St. Basil (see Catechism of the
Catholic Church, 336). Our angel reflects God´s loving providence for our
welfare and protection. The world is a moral minefield, waiting for us to
make the wrong step. Our angel helps us make it through this valley of tears.
Do I ever think to pray to my angel?
Conversation with Christ: The simplicity of children can make me look
foolish by comparison. I believe in you and trust you, Lord. Help me to
translate that trust into serenity and simplicity. Let me accept the crosses
of daily life with calmness, seeing your loving designs behind them.
Resolution: I will say “yes” to the next difficult thing
someone asks of me, so long as it is something morally good.
|
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 2, MATTHEW 18:1-5, 10
(Exodus 23:20-23; Psalm 91)
(Exodus 23:20-23; Psalm 91)
KEY VERSE: "For I say to you that their angels in heaven always look upon the face of my heavenly Father" (v 10).
READING: Jesus had been teaching his disciples about the nature of discipleship when the disciples asked who was the greatest in God's reign. Jesus responded by placing a little child in their midst. In Jesus' day, a teacher's disciples were called his 'sons' or his 'children.' Therefore, a child meant a beginner in the faith, and not yet mature. Though lowly, children have tremendous worth before God and should not be despised as being insignificant; their guardian angels watch over them and intercede on their behalf. The disciples might regard themselves as strong and self-sufficient, but they must be submissive and put their trust in God. Followers of Jesus who have these qualities reveal God's love to the world. Whoever welcomes these humble servants are in fact welcoming Christ.
REFLECTING: In what ways do I need to become more childlike?
PRAYING: Angel of God, be at my side to protect me from all evil.
Memorial of the Holy Guardian Angels
The English word "angel" comes from the Greek
angelos, which means 'messenger'. The term "guardian" angels refers
to the belief that each soul has an angel who is available to shepherd the soul
through life, and help bring them to God. The concept of a guardian angel is a
development of Catholic doctrine and piety based on Scripture but not directly
drawn from it. Jesus' words in Matthew 18:10 best support the belief: "See
that you do not despise one of these little ones, for I say to you that their angels
in heaven always look upon the face of my heavenly Father." St. Benedict
gave devotion to the angels its impetus and St. Bernard of Clairvaux, the great
12th-century reformer, was such an eloquent spokesman for the guardian angels
that angelic devotion assumed its current form in his day. A feast in honor of
the guardian angels was first observed in the 16th century. In 1615, Pope Paul
V added it to the Roman calendar.
Guardian Angel prayer: Angel of God, my guardian dear, to whom God's love commits me here. Ever this day be at my side to light and guard, to rule and guide. Amen
Guardian Angel prayer: Angel of God, my guardian dear, to whom God's love commits me here. Ever this day be at my side to light and guard, to rule and guide. Amen
Let my tongue be silenced if I ever forget you.
‘Follow me.’Some of us have a vision for our lives, along with definite assumptions about what following Jesus might look like. But Jesus makes it clear in today’s gospel that following him might differ radically from what we imagine. His timing doesn’t always accommodate our convenience - or our procrastination. Mother Teresa said ‘Yes’ to Jesus. That yes took her from her home in Albania to a convent school, then to the streets of Calcutta - hardly a life of ease. Yet she found the burden light because she knew Jesus was with her. Her own plans, preferences and dreams had to make way for Christ’s. As she devoted herself to his intentions, she experienced joy. The enduring image of Mother Teresa is of a smiling woman, eyes bright with God’s love. Yes, Lord, I will follow you today. Reveal your ways to me so that wherever you go, I may go too.
www.churchresources.info
October 2
Feast of the Guardian Angels
Perhaps no aspect of Catholic piety is as comforting to parents as
the belief that an angel protects their little ones from dangers real and
imagined. Yet guardian angels are not only for children. Their role is to
represent individuals before God, to watch over them always, to aid their
prayer and to present their souls to God at death.
The
concept of an angel assigned to guide and nurture each human being is a
development of Catholic doctrine and piety based on Scripture but not directly
drawn from it. Jesus' words in Matthew 18:10 best support the belief: "See
that you do not despise one of these little ones, for I say to you that their
angels in heaven always look upon the face of my heavenly Father."
Devotion
to the angels began to develop with the birth of the monastic tradition. St.
Benedict (July 11) gave it impetus and Bernard of Clairvaux (August 20), the
great 12th-century reformer, was such an eloquent spokesman for the guardian
angels that angelic devotion assumed its current form in his day.
A feast
in honor of the guardian angels was first observed in the 16th century. In
1615, Pope Paul V added it to the Roman calendar.
Comment:
Devotion to the angels is, at base, an expression of faith in God's enduring love and providential care extended to each person day in and day out until life's end.
Devotion to the angels is, at base, an expression of faith in God's enduring love and providential care extended to each person day in and day out until life's end.
Quote:
"May the angels lead you into paradise;
may the martyrs come to welcome you
and take you to the holy city,
the new and eternal Jerusalem." (Rite for Christian Burial)
www.americancatholic.org"May the angels lead you into paradise;
may the martyrs come to welcome you
and take you to the holy city,
the new and eternal Jerusalem." (Rite for Christian Burial)
LECTIO:
GUARDIAN ANGELS - MATTHEW 18,1-5.10
Lectio:
Wednesday, October 2, 2013
Ordinary Time
1) Opening prayer
Father,
you show your almighty power
in your mercy and forgiveness.
Continue to fill us with your gifts of love.
Help us to hurry towards the eternal life your promise
and come to share in the joys of your kingdom.
We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
you show your almighty power
in your mercy and forgiveness.
Continue to fill us with your gifts of love.
Help us to hurry towards the eternal life your promise
and come to share in the joys of your kingdom.
We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
2) Gospel Reading - Matthew 18,1-5.10
At this time the disciples came to Jesus and said, 'Who is the
greatest in the kingdom of Heaven?'
So he called a little child to him whom he set among them. Then he said, 'In truth I tell you, unless you change and become like little children you will never enter the kingdom of Heaven. And so, the one who makes himself as little as this little child is the greatest in the kingdom of Heaven. 'Anyone who welcomes one little child like this in my name welcomes me.
'See that you never despise any of these little ones, for I tell you that therein heaven are continually in the presence of my Father in heaven.
So he called a little child to him whom he set among them. Then he said, 'In truth I tell you, unless you change and become like little children you will never enter the kingdom of Heaven. And so, the one who makes himself as little as this little child is the greatest in the kingdom of Heaven. 'Anyone who welcomes one little child like this in my name welcomes me.
'See that you never despise any of these little ones, for I tell you that therein heaven are continually in the presence of my Father in heaven.
3) Reflection
• Today's Gospel presents a text taken from the Discourse of the
Community (Mt 18,1-35), in which Matthew gathers together some phrases of Jesus
to help the communities of the first century to overcome the two problems which
they had to face at that moment: the leaving or going away of the little ones
because of the scandal caused by some (Mt 18, 1-14) and the need of dialogue to
overcome the internal conflicts (Mt 18, 15-35). The discourse of the Community
treats of several themes: the exercise of power in the community (Mt 18, 1-4),
the scandal that excludes the little ones (Mt 18, 5-11), the obligation to
struggle to bring back the little ones, for their return (Mt 18, 12-14),
fraternal correction (Mt 18, 15-18), prayer (Mt 18, 19-20) and pardon (Mt 18,
21-35). The accent is placed on acceptance and on reconciliation, because the
basis of fraternity is the gratuitous love of God which accepts us and forgives
us. It is only in this way that the community will be a sign of the Kingdom.
• In today's Gospel we meditate on the part that speaks about the acceptance of the little ones. The expression, the little ones, or the least does not only refer to children, but rather to persons who are not important in society, including children. Jesus asks that the little ones be at the centre of the concern of the community, because "The Father does not want any of these little ones to be lost" (Mt 18, 14).
• Matthew 18, 1: The question of the disciples which results in the teaching of Jesus. The discip0les want to know who is the greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven. The simple fact of asking this question indicates that they have not understood well the message of Jesus. The response of Jesus, that is, the whole discourse of the Community, serves to make us understand that among the followers of Jesus the spirit of service, of dedication of pardon, of reconciliation and of gratuitous love, without seeking one's own interest, have to be a priority.
• Matthew 18, 2-5: the fundamental criterion; the one who makes himself as little as this child is the greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven. "Then Jesus called to himself a child and placed him in the middle"; the disciples want a criterion so as to be able to measure the importance of persons in the community. Jesus responds that the criterion is the little ones! Children are not important in society; they do not belong to the world of the great. The disciples, instead of growing towards the heights and toward the centre, should grow down and toward the periphery! In this way they will be the greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven! And the reason for this is the following: "anyone who welcomes one little child like this, in my name, welcomes me!" The love of Jesus for the little ones cannot be explained. The children have no merit; they are loved by their parents and by all because they are children. This is a pure gratuitous love of God which is manifested here and which can be imitated in the community of those who believe in Jesus.
• Matthew 18, 6-9: Do not scandalize the little ones. The Gospel today omits verses 6 to 9 and continues in verse 10. We give a brief key for the reading of these verses, from 6 to 9. To scandalize the little ones means: to be for them a reason for the loss of faith in God and of the abandonment from the community. The excessive insistence on the norms and on the observance, as some Pharisees did, caused the little ones to go away, because they no longer found the liberty that Jesus had brought. Before this, Matthew keeps very strong phrases of Jesus, such as the one of the mill stone put around the neck, and the other one, "Alas for those who cause scandal!" This is a sign that at that time the little ones no longer identified themselves with the community and looked for another refuge. And today? In Brazil alone, every year, approximately one million persons abandon the historical churches and go to the Pentecostal ones. And these are the poor who do this. They leave because the poor and the little ones do not feel at home in their house! Which is the reason? To avoid this scandal, Jesus orders to cut the foot or the hand and take out the eye. These affirmations of Jesus cannot be taken literally. They mean that it is necessary to be very demanding in the struggle against scandal which drives away the little ones. We cannot, in any way, allow that the little ones feel marginalized in our community; because in this case, the community would not be a sign of the Kingdom of God. It would not belong to Jesus Christ. It would not be Christian.
• Matthew 18, 10: The angels of the little ones are always in the presence of the Father. "See that you never despise any of these little ones, for I tell you that their angels in Heaven are continually in the presence of my Father in Heaven". Today, sometimes we hear the question, "But, do the angels exist or not? Perhaps they are an element of the Persian culture, where the Jews lived for long centuries during the exile of Babylonia? It is possible. But this is not the important thing, this is not the principal aspect. In the Bible the angel has a different significance. There are texts which speak about the Angel of Yahweh or of the Angel of God and then suddenly they speak of God. They exchange one for the other (Gen 18, 1-2. 9.10.13.16: cf. Gen 13, 3.18). In the Bible the Angel is the face of Yahweh turned toward us. The face of God turned toward me, toward you! It is the expression of the most profound conviction of our faith, that is, that God is with us, with me, always! It is a way of making God's love concrete in our life, even up to the smallest detail.
• In today's Gospel we meditate on the part that speaks about the acceptance of the little ones. The expression, the little ones, or the least does not only refer to children, but rather to persons who are not important in society, including children. Jesus asks that the little ones be at the centre of the concern of the community, because "The Father does not want any of these little ones to be lost" (Mt 18, 14).
• Matthew 18, 1: The question of the disciples which results in the teaching of Jesus. The discip0les want to know who is the greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven. The simple fact of asking this question indicates that they have not understood well the message of Jesus. The response of Jesus, that is, the whole discourse of the Community, serves to make us understand that among the followers of Jesus the spirit of service, of dedication of pardon, of reconciliation and of gratuitous love, without seeking one's own interest, have to be a priority.
• Matthew 18, 2-5: the fundamental criterion; the one who makes himself as little as this child is the greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven. "Then Jesus called to himself a child and placed him in the middle"; the disciples want a criterion so as to be able to measure the importance of persons in the community. Jesus responds that the criterion is the little ones! Children are not important in society; they do not belong to the world of the great. The disciples, instead of growing towards the heights and toward the centre, should grow down and toward the periphery! In this way they will be the greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven! And the reason for this is the following: "anyone who welcomes one little child like this, in my name, welcomes me!" The love of Jesus for the little ones cannot be explained. The children have no merit; they are loved by their parents and by all because they are children. This is a pure gratuitous love of God which is manifested here and which can be imitated in the community of those who believe in Jesus.
• Matthew 18, 6-9: Do not scandalize the little ones. The Gospel today omits verses 6 to 9 and continues in verse 10. We give a brief key for the reading of these verses, from 6 to 9. To scandalize the little ones means: to be for them a reason for the loss of faith in God and of the abandonment from the community. The excessive insistence on the norms and on the observance, as some Pharisees did, caused the little ones to go away, because they no longer found the liberty that Jesus had brought. Before this, Matthew keeps very strong phrases of Jesus, such as the one of the mill stone put around the neck, and the other one, "Alas for those who cause scandal!" This is a sign that at that time the little ones no longer identified themselves with the community and looked for another refuge. And today? In Brazil alone, every year, approximately one million persons abandon the historical churches and go to the Pentecostal ones. And these are the poor who do this. They leave because the poor and the little ones do not feel at home in their house! Which is the reason? To avoid this scandal, Jesus orders to cut the foot or the hand and take out the eye. These affirmations of Jesus cannot be taken literally. They mean that it is necessary to be very demanding in the struggle against scandal which drives away the little ones. We cannot, in any way, allow that the little ones feel marginalized in our community; because in this case, the community would not be a sign of the Kingdom of God. It would not belong to Jesus Christ. It would not be Christian.
• Matthew 18, 10: The angels of the little ones are always in the presence of the Father. "See that you never despise any of these little ones, for I tell you that their angels in Heaven are continually in the presence of my Father in Heaven". Today, sometimes we hear the question, "But, do the angels exist or not? Perhaps they are an element of the Persian culture, where the Jews lived for long centuries during the exile of Babylonia? It is possible. But this is not the important thing, this is not the principal aspect. In the Bible the angel has a different significance. There are texts which speak about the Angel of Yahweh or of the Angel of God and then suddenly they speak of God. They exchange one for the other (Gen 18, 1-2. 9.10.13.16: cf. Gen 13, 3.18). In the Bible the Angel is the face of Yahweh turned toward us. The face of God turned toward me, toward you! It is the expression of the most profound conviction of our faith, that is, that God is with us, with me, always! It is a way of making God's love concrete in our life, even up to the smallest detail.
4) Personal questions
• Are the little ones accepted in our community? Do the poorest
people participate in our community?
• The angels of God, the Guardian Angel, many times the Angel of God is the person who helps another person. Are there many angels in your life?
• The angels of God, the Guardian Angel, many times the Angel of God is the person who helps another person. Are there many angels in your life?
5) Concluding prayer
Lord, you created my inmost self,
knit me together in my mother's womb.
For so many marvels I thank you;
a wonder am I,
and all your works are wonders. (Ps 139,13-14)
knit me together in my mother's womb.
For so many marvels I thank you;
a wonder am I,
and all your works are wonders. (Ps 139,13-14)
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