POST-SYNODAL APOSTOLIC EXHORTATION AMORIS LÆTITIA (Chapter One : 8 - 30 )

POST-SYNODAL  APOSTOLIC EXHORTATION

AMORIS LÆTITIA

OF THE  HOLY FATHER

FRANCIS

CHAPTER ONE

in The LiGhT of The Word

8.                 The Bible is full of families, births, love stories and family crises. This is true from its very first page, with the appearance of Adam and Eve’s family with all its burden of violence but also its enduring strength (cf. Gen 4) to its very last page, where we behold the wedding feast of the Bride and the Lamb (Rev 21:2, 9). Jesus’ de- scription of the two houses, one built on rock and the other on sand (cf. Mt 7:24-27), symbolizes any number of family situations shaped by the exercise of their members’ freedom, for, as the poet says, “every home is a lampstand”.5 Let us now enter one of those houses, led by the Psalm- ist with a song that even today resounds in both Jewish and Christian wedding liturgies:

“Blessed is every one who fears the Lord, who walks in his ways!

You shall eat the fruit of the labour of your hands; you shall be happy, and it shall go well with you.

Your wife will be like a fruitful vine within your house;

5 JorGe Luis borGes, “ Calle Desconocida”, in Fervor de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 2011, 23.

your children will be like olive shoots round your table.

Thus shall the man be blessed who fears the Lord.

The Lord bless you from Zion!

May you see the prosperity of Jerusalem all the days of your life!

May you see your children’s children! Peace be upon Israel!” (Ps 128:1-6).

you and your Wife

9.                  Let us cross the threshold of this tranquil home, with its family sitting around the festive table. At the centre we see the father and mother, a couple with their personal story of love. They embody the primordial divine plan clearly spoken of by Christ himself: “Have you not read that he who made them from the beginning made them male and female?” (Mt 19:4). We hear an echo  of the command found in the Book of Gene- sis: “Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and cleave to his wife, and they shall be- come one flesh (Gen 2:24)”.

10.                         The majestic early chapters of Genesis present the human couple in its deepest reality. Those first pages of the Bible make a number of very clear statements. The first, which Jesus para- phrases, says that “God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them” (1:27). It is striking that the “image of  God” here refers  to

the couple, “male and female”. Does this mean that sex is a property of God himself, or that God has a divine female companion, as some an- cient religions held? Naturally, the answer is no. We know how clearly the Bible rejects as idola- trous such beliefs, found among the Canaanites of the Holy Land. God’s transcendence is pre- served, yet inasmuch as he is also the Creator, the fruitfulness of the human couple is a living and effective “image”, a visible sign of his creative act.

11.                       The couple that loves and begets life is a true, living icon – not an idol like those of stone or gold prohibited by the Decalogue – capable of revealing God the Creator and Saviour. For this reason, fruitful love becomes a symbol of God’s inner life (cf. Gen 1:28; 9:7; 17:2-5, 16; 28:3; 35:11; 48:3-4). This is why the Genesis account, following the “priestly tradition”, is interwoven with various genealogical accounts (cf. 4:17-22, 25-26; 5; 10; 11:10-32; 25:1-4, 12-17, 19-26; 36). The ability of human couples to beget life is the path along which the history of salvation pro- gresses. Seen this way, the couple’s fruitful re- lationship becomes an image for understanding and describing the mystery of God himself, for in the Christian vision of the Trinity, God is con- templated as Father, Son and Spirit of love. The triune God is a communion of love, and the fam- ily is its living reflection. Saint John Paul II shed light on this when he said, “Our God in his deep-

est mystery is not solitude, but a family, for he has within himself fatherhood, sonship and the essence of the family, which is love. That love, in the divine family, is the Holy Spirit”.6 The family is thus not unrelated to God’s very being.7 This Trinitarian dimension finds expression in the theology of Saint Paul,  who relates the couple  to the “mystery” of the union of Christ and the Church (cf. Eph 5:21-33).

12.                            In speaking of  marriage, Jesus refers us   to yet another page of Genesis, which, in its second chapter, paints a splendid and detailed portrait of the couple. First, we see the man, who anxiously seeks “a helper fit for him” (vv. 18, 20), capable of alleviating the solitude which he feels amid the animals and the world around him. The original Hebrew suggests a direct en- counter, face to face, eye to eye, in a kind of silent dialogue, for where love is concerned, silence is always more eloquent than words. It is an encounter with a face, a “thou”, who reflects God’s own love and is man’s “best possession,  a helper fit for him and a pillar of support”, in the words of the biblical sage (Sir 36:24). Or again, as the woman of the Song of Solomon will sing in a magnificent profession of love and mutual self-bestowal: “My beloved is mine   and

6   Homily at the Eucharistic Celebration in Puebla de los Ángeles

(28 January 1979), 2: AAS 71 (1979), 184.

7    Cf. ibid.

I am his… I am my beloved’s and my beloved is mine” (2:16; 6:3).

13.               This encounter, which relieves man’s sol- itude, gives rise to new birth and to the fam-   ily.  Significantly, Adam, who is also the man   of every time and place, together with his wife, starts a new family. Jesus speaks of this by quoting the passage from Genesis: “The man shall be joined to his wife, and the two shall be- come one” (Mt 19:5; cf. Gen 2:24). The very word “to be joined” or “to cleave”, in the orig- inal Hebrew, bespeaks a profound harmony, a closeness both physical and interior, to such an extent that the word is used to describe our un- ion with God: “My soul clings to you” (Ps 63:8). The marital union is thus evoked not only in its sexual and corporal dimension, but also in its voluntary self-giving in love. The result of this union is that the two “become one flesh”, both physically and in the union of their hearts and lives, and, eventually, in a child, who will share not only genetically but also spiritually in the “flesh” of  both parents.

your chiLdren are as The shooTs of an oLive Tree

14.                      Let us once more take up the song of the Psalmist. In the home where husband and wife are seated at table, children appear at their side “like  olive  shoots”  (Ps  128:3),  that  is,  full of

energy and vitality. If the parents are in some sense the foundations of the home, the chil- dren are like the “living stones” of the family (cf. 1 Pet 2:5). Significantly, the word which appears most frequently in the Old Testament after the name of God (YHWH, “the Lord”),  is “child” (ben, “son”), which is itself related to the verb “to build” (banah). Hence, Psalm 128,  in speaking of the gift of children, uses imagery drawn from the building of a house and the social life of cities: “Unless the Lord builds the house, those who build it labour in vain… Lo, sons are a heritage from the Lord, the fruit of the womb, a reward. Like arrows in the hand of a warrior are the sons of one’s youth. Happy is the man who has his quiver full of them! He shall not be put to shame when he speaks with his enemies in the gate” (Ps 127:1, 3-5). These images reflect the culture of an ancient society, yet the presence of children is a sign of the continuity of the family throughout salvation history, from generation to generation.

15.                          Here too, we can see another aspect of the family. We know that the New Testament speaks of “churches that meet in homes” (cf. 1 Cor 16:19; Rom 16:5; Col 4:15; Philem 2). A family’s living space could turn into a domestic church, a setting for the Eucharist, the presence of Christ seated at its table. We can never forget the image found in the Book of Revelation, where the Lord says: “Behold, I stand at the door and knock;  if

any one hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to him and eat with him, and he with me” (Rev 3:20). Here we see a home filled with the presence of God, common prayer and every blessing. This is the meaning of the conclusion of Psalm 128, which we cited above: “Thus shall the man be blessed who fears the Lord. The Lord bless you from Zion!” (Ps 128:4-5).

16.                   The Bible also presents the family as the place where children are brought up in the faith. This is evident from the description of the Pass- over celebration (cf. Ex 12:26-27; Deut 6:20-25) and it later appears explicitly in the Jewish hagga- dah, the dialogue accompanying the rite of the Passover meal. One of  the Psalms celebrates  the proclamation of faith within families: “All that we have heard and known, that our fathers have told us, we will not hide from their chil- dren, but tell to the coming generation the glo- rious deeds of the Lord, and his might, and the wonders which he has wrought. He established a testimony in Jacob, and appointed a law in Is- rael, which he commanded our fathers to teach to their children; that the next generation might know them, the children yet unborn, and arise and tell them to their children” (Ps 78:3-6). The family is thus the place where parents become their children’s first teachers in the faith. They learn this “trade”, passing it down from one per- son to another: “When in time to come your son asks you… You shall say to him…” (Ex  13:14).

Thus succeeding generations can raise their song to the Lord: “young men and maidens together, old and young together!”(Ps 148:12).

17.                  Parents have a serious responsibility for this work of education, as the Biblical sages of- ten remind us (cf. Prov 3:11-12; 6:20-22; 13:1; 22:15; 23:13-14; 29:17). Children, for their part, are called to accept and practice the command- ment: “Honour your father and your mother” (Ex 20:12). Here the verb “to honour” has to do with the fulfilment of family and social commit- ments; these are not to be disregarded under the pretence of religious motives (cf. Mk 7:11-13). “Whoever honours his father atones for sins, and whoever glorifies his mother is like one who lays up treasure” (Sir 3:3-4).

18.                     The Gospel goes on to remind us that chil- dren are not the property of a family, but have their own lives to lead. Jesus is a model of obe- dience to his earthly parents, placing himself un- der their charge (cf. Lk 2:51), but he also shows that children’s life decisions and their Christian vocation may demand a parting for the sake of the Kingdom of God (cf. Mt 10:34-37; Lk 9:59- 62). Jesus himself, at twelve years of age, tells Mary and Joseph that he has a greater mission  to accomplish apart from his earthly family (cf. Lk 2:48-50). In this way, he shows the need for other, deeper bonds even within the family: “My mother and my brethren are those who hear the word of God and do it” (Lk 8:21).  All the same,

in the concern he shows for children – whom the societies of the ancient Near East viewed as sub- jects without particular rights and even as family property – Jesus goes so far as to present them as teachers, on account of their simple trust and spontaneity towards others. “Truly I say to you, unless you turn and become like children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. Whoev- er humbles himself like this child, he is the great- est in the kingdom of heaven” (Mt 18:3-4).

a paTh of sufferinG and bLood

19.                The idyllic picture presented in Psalm 128 is not at odds with a bitter truth found through- out sacred Scripture, that is, the presence of pain, evil and violence that break up families and their communion of life and love. For good reason Christ’s teaching on marriage (cf. Mt 19:3-9) is in- serted within a dispute about divorce. The word of God constantly testifies to that sombre di- mension already present at the beginning, when, through sin, the relationship of love and purity between man and woman turns into domination: “Your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you” (Gen 3:16).

20.                  This thread of suffering and bloodshed runs through numerous pages of the Bible, be- ginning with Cain’s murder of his brother Abel. We read of the disputes between the sons and the wives of the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob,  the  tragedies  and  violence  marking the

family of David, the family problems reflected in the story of Tobias and the bitter complaint of Job: “He has put my brethren far from me… my kinsfolk and my close friends have failed me… I am repulsive to my wife, loathsome to the sons of my own mother” (Job 19:13-14, 17).

21.                 Jesus himself was born into a modest fami- ly that soon had to flee to a foreign land. He vis- its the home of Peter, whose mother-in-law is ill (cf. Mk 1:30-31) and shows sympathy upon hear- ing of deaths in the homes of Jairus and Lazarus (cf. Mk 5:22-24, 35-43; Jn 11:1-44). He hears the desperate wailing of the widow of Nain for her dead son (cf. Lk 7:11-15) and heeds the plea of the father of an epileptic child in a small coun- try town (cf. Mk 9:17-27). He goes to the homes of tax collectors like Matthew and Zacchaeus (cf. Mt 9:9-13; Lk 19:1-10), and speaks to sin- ners like the woman in the house of Simon the Pharisee (cf. Lk 7:36-50). Jesus knows the anx- ieties and tensions experienced by families and he weaves them into his parables: children who leave home to seek adventure (cf. Lk 15:11-32), or who prove troublesome (Mt 21:28-31) or fall prey to violence (Mk 12:1-9). He is also sensi- tive to the embarrassment caused by the lack of wine at a wedding feast (Jn 2:1-10), the failure of guests to come to a banquet (Mt 22:1-10), and the anxiety of a poor family over the loss of a coin (Lk 15:8-10).

22.                    In this brief review, we can see that the word of God is not a series of abstract ideas but rather a source of comfort and companionship for every family that experiences difficulties or suffering. For it shows them the goal of their journey, when God “will wipe away every tear from their eyes, and death shall be no more, nei- ther shall there be mourning nor crying nor pain any more” (Rev 21:4).

The Work of your hands

23.                 At the beginning of Psalm 128, the father appears as a labourer who by the work of his hands sustains the physical well-being and tran- quillity of his family: “You shall eat the fruit of the labour of your hands; you shall be happy, and it shall be well with you” (Ps 128:2). It is clear from the very first pages of the Bible that work is an essential part of human dignity; there we read that “the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to till it and keep it” (Gen 2:15). Man is presented as a labourer who works the earth, harnesses the forces of nature and produces “the bread of anxious toil” (Ps 127:2), in addition to cultivating his own gifts and talents.

24.              Labour also makes possible the devel- opment of society and provides for the suste- nance, stability and fruitfulness of one’s family: “May you see the prosperity of Jerusalem all the days of  your life!   May you see your   children’s

children!” (Ps 128:5-6). The Book of Proverbs also presents the labour of mothers within the family; their daily work is described in detail as winning the praise of their husbands and chil- dren (cf. 31:10-31). The Apostle Paul was proud not to live as a burden to others, since he worked with his own hands and assured his own liveli- hood (cf. Acts 18:3; 1 Cor 4:12; 9:12). Paul was so convinced of the necessity of work that he laid down a strict rule for his communities: “If anyone will not work, let him not eat” (2 Th 3:10; cf. 1 Th 4:11).

25.                     This having been said, we can appreciate the suffering created by unemployment and the lack of steady work, as reflected in the Book of Ruth, Jesus’ own parable of the labourers forced to stand idly in the town square (Mt 20:1-16), and his personal experience of meeting people suf- fering from poverty and hunger. Sadly, these re- alities are present in many countries today, where the lack of employment opportunities takes its toll on the serenity of family life.

26.                   Nor can we overlook the social degenera- tion brought about by sin, as, for example, when human beings tyrannize nature, selfishly and even brutally ravaging it. This leads to the deser- tification of the earth (cf. Gen 3:17-19) and those social and economic imbalances denounced by the prophets, beginning with Elijah (cf. 1 Kg 21) and culminating in Jesus’ own words against in- justice (cf. Lk 12:13; 16:1-31).

The Tenderness of an embrace

27.                   Christ proposed as the distinctive sign of his disciples the law of love and the gift of self for others (cf. Mt 22:39; Jn 13:34). He did so in stating a principle that fathers and mothers tend to embody in their own lives: “No one has great- er love than this, to lay down one’s life for one’s friends” (Jn 15:13). Love also bears fruit in mercy and forgiveness. We see this in a particular way in the scene of the woman caught in adultery; in front of the Temple, the woman is surrounded by her accusers, but later, alone with Jesus, she meets not condemnation but the admonition to lead a more worthy life (cf. Jn 8:1-11).

28.                    Against this backdrop of love  so central  to the Christian experience of marriage and the family, another virtue stands out, one often over- looked in our world of frenetic and superficial relationships. It is tenderness. Let us consider the moving words of Psalm 131. As in other biblical texts (e.g., Ex 4:22; Is 49:15; Ps 27:10), the union between the Lord and his faithful ones is expressed in terms of parental love. Here we see a delicate and tender intimacy between mother and child: the image is that of  a babe sleeping  in his mother’s arms after being nursed. As the Hebrew word gamûl suggests, the infant is now fed and clings to his mother, who takes him to her bosom. There is a closeness that is con- scious and not simply biological. Drawing on this image, the Psalmist sings: “I    have  calmed

and quieted my soul, like a child quieted at its mother’s breast” (Ps 131:2). We can also think  of the touching words that the prophet Hosea puts on God’s lips: “When Israel was a child, I loved him… I took them up in my arms… I led them with cords of compassion, with the bands of love, and I became to them as one who eases the yoke on their jaws, and I bent down to them and fed them” (Hos 11:1, 3-4).

29.                    With a gaze of faith and love, grace and fidelity, we have contemplated the relationship between human families and the divine Trinity. The word of God tells us that the family is en- trusted to a man, a woman and their children,  so that they may become a communion of per- sons in the image of the union of  the Father,  the Son and the Holy Spirit. Begetting and rais- ing children, for its part, mirrors God’s creative work. The family is called to join in daily prayer, to read the word of God and to share in Eucha- ristic communion, and thus to grow in love and become ever more fully a temple in which the Spirit dwells.

30.                    Every family should look to the icon of the Holy Family of Nazareth. Its daily life had its share of burdens and even nightmares, as when they met with Herod’s implacable violence. This last was an experience that, sad to say, continues to afflict the many refugee families who in our day feel rejected and helpless.  Like the Magi,  our families are invited to contemplate the Child

and his Mother, to bow down and worship him (cf. Mt 2:11). Like Mary, they are asked to face their family’s challenges with courage and seren- ity, in good times and bad, and to keep in their heart the great things which God has done (cf. Lk 2:19, 51). The treasury of Mary’s heart also contains the experiences of every family, which she cherishes. For this reason, she can help us understand the meaning of these experiences and to hear the message God wishes to commu- nicate through the life of  our families.